Ein Teil ihrer Hoheitsrechte haben die Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union an selbständige Institutionen abgegeben, die nationale, gemeinschaftliche sowie … Conrad Black, Duplessis, 2 vol (Montréal: Éditions de l'Homme, 1977). He called an election in 1960, almost a year before it was due. Neben Union Nationale des Professionnels de l'Ordonnancement et De La Koordination hat UNAPOC andere Bedeutungen. Godbout himself lost his own seat, leaving the Liberals without a full-time leader in the legislature.[13]. Narrowly defeated in 1935, the Union Nationale became united under Duplessis' leadership and easily won the 1936 election. Définition National Farmers' Union dans le dictionnaire anglais de définitions de Reverso, synonymes, voir aussi 'National',Grand National',African National Congress',British National Party', expressions, conjugaison, exemples in 1960 and the reform of electoral practices in Québec. It won a landslide victory in the 1948 election. Bertrand was unable to inspire voters and the party seemed to have lost touch with Quebec society. A favourable The party won six provincial elections between 1936 and 1966. Duplessis was frequently Xavier Gélinas et Lucia Ferretti, dir., Duplessis, son milieu, son époque (Québec : Septentrion, 2010). Die UNC unterstützte Arbeit, die Jugend und Frauenorganisationen und stellte die einzige Liste der Kandidaten für die Parlamentswahlen von 1973, 1978 und 1983. electoral map and the growth of the two sovereigntist parties helped the Union Nationale to win the majority of seats, although it received fewer votes (41 per cent) than the (Entry 1 of 2) 1 a : an act or instance of uniting or joining two or more things into one: such as. Summary of the contributions of the National Competition Authorities to the evaluation of the Market Definition Notice. Appointed interim leader in January 1986. Neben Union Nationale des Architectes d'Intérieur, Designer hat UNAID andere Bedeutungen. The Parti démocratie chrétienne du Québec, a minor political party which garners less than 1% of the popular vote, was founded in 2000 and emulates the Union Nationale by combining moderate Quebec nationalism with Christian social conservatism. Le Brun re-registered the party under the name, This page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 16:14. L'union de l'homme et de la femme dans le mariage. Among these were the Asbestos strike (1949) and strikes by Louiseville textile workers (1952–53), Murdochville miners (1957), and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation producers (1959). The Union nationale (French pronunciation: [ynjɔ̃ nɑsjɔnal]) was a conservative and nationalist provincial political party in Quebec, Canada, that identified with Québécois autonomism.It was created during the Great Depression and held power in Quebec from 1936 to 1939, and from 1944 to 1960 and from 1966 to 1970. "Union Nationale". enjoyed greater success in Québec City than in Montréal. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Bitte scrollen Sie nach unten und klicken Sie, um jeden von ihnen zu sehen. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 2. Duplessis called an election shortly after Canada declared war against Germany. On the debit side, Duplessis' relations with labour in general and trade unions in particular were difficult and led to a number of strikes. In May 1976, business owner Rodrigue Biron, a former card-carrying Liberal supporter who had no experience in provincial politics, was chosen as party leader. Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. Alain Lavigne, Duplessis. European Union website - EUROPA is the official EU website that provides access to information published by all EU institutions, agencies and bodies. The Liberals were decimated; nearly all of their 14 MNAs were from Montreal's West Island. However, his government invested in regional development by focusing on roads and highways, hospitals, schools, and especially rural electrification. Maurice Duplessis was its charismatic leader until his death in 1959.The party of a generation, the Union Nationale defended provincial autonomy, conservatism, economic liberalism and rural life. For other political parties of the same name, see. Mariage, lien conjugal : Une union réussie. Cette rubrique présente les définitions des concepts les plus souvent utilisés dans le système statistique public. Design protection is an important business asset for companies of all sizes, not just bigger ones. [10], The new party had no formal ties to the federal Conservatives. [30] Fontaine had asked Éric Caire of the ADQ to join the party and become its leader, with a view to attract disaffected ADQ supporters, but this did not materialize and Caire now sits as a member of the Coalition Avenir Québec.[31]. Gabriel Loubier took over as leader and the party became known as Unité Québec from October 25, 1971 to January 14, 1973. Conrad Black, Duplessis (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1977). Learn more about the EU … The party was often referred to in English as the National Union, especially when it was still an electoral force, by both the media and, at times, the party. The death of leader Daniel Johnson in 1968 was a heavy blow to the party, and in 1970 the Jean-Jacques Bertrand Union Nationale government was defeated by Robert Bourassa’s resurgent Liberal Party. European Union (EU), international organization comprising 27 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies. National delimitation in the Soviet Union refers to the process of creating well-defined national territorial units (Soviet socialist republics – SSR, autonomous Soviet socialist republics – ASSR, autonomous provinces – oblasts, or autonomous national territories – okrugi) from the ethnic diversity of the Soviet Union and its subregions. defeat of the Union Nationale in the 1960 election under Sauvé’s successor, Antonio Barrette, set the Quiet Revolution in motion. This would prove to be the final general election in which the Union Nationale fielded candidates. His administration established CEGEPs (Collèges d'enseignement général et professionnel, or "College of General and Vocational Education") in 1967, abolished the Legislative Council of Quebec and completed the dam and the generating station of Manic-5 in 1968 and laid the groundwork for the public health insurance plan that would later be implemented by the Liberal government of Robert Bourassa. Maurice DuplessisBiographie de Maurice Duplessis, avocat et homme politique du Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne. ACTRA National. While it finished third in the popular vote behind the PQ, it still managed to become the Official Opposition. National Writers Union (NWU), founded on November 19, 1981, is the trade union in the United States for freelance and contract writers: journalists, book and short fiction authors, business and technical writers, web content providers, and poets.Organized into 17 local chapters nationwide, it has been Local 1981 of the United Automobile Workers, AFL-CIO since merging with them in 1992. National Union (Switzerland), Union nationale in French This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. The party was founded by Maurice Duplessis, who led it until his death in 1959. Provincial autonomy, a key theme during the Duplessis era, was not a central issue in the 1936 election campaign because a Conservative government was in power in Ottawa. It ran candidates in every district and won a majority of the seats in the 1936 election.[11]. La Médiation de l'Assurance peut vous aider "Bienvenue à la Médiation de l'assurance. It won 4 per cent of the vote in 1981 and 1 per cent in 1986 before finally dissolving in 1989. Maurice DuplessisA biography of Maurice Duplessis, lawyer and politician. Under fiscal union decisions about the collection and expenditure of taxes are taken by common institutions, shared by the participating governments. The Union Nationale was a Québec political party founded in 1935 and dissolved in 1989. National conservatism is a variant of conservatism common in Europe and Asia that concentrates on upholding national and cultural identity, while mixing conservative elements with purely nationalist ones.. The Union Nationale’s platform and policies changed considerably over time. In the 1935 Quebec election the two parties agreed to run only one candidate of either party in each riding. Pendant la crise sanitaire, les salariés de la fédération nationale poursuivent leur activité en télétravail. The Duplessis government adopted the current flag of Quebec to replace the Union Jack. While serving in His Majesty's Loyal Opposition, the party opposed Women's suffrage which was enacted by the government of Adélard Godbout in 1940. On January 9, 1981, federal Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Roch LaSalle was acclaimed leader of the Union Nationale. Daniel Johnson, Sr. became the leader of the Union Nationale in 1961. In 1974, former UN Cabinet Member and interim leader Maurice Bellemare won a by-election, and the party again was represented in the National Assembly. Die Nationale Kamerunische Union (französisch Union Nationale Camerounaise oder UNC, englisch Cameroon National Union oder CNU) war Kameruns einzige legale politische Partei bis 1990.. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. Energy funding opportunities ; On the international … For instance, it gave the Catholic clergy government money to provide public education, health care and other social services. Under fiscal union decisions about the collection and expenditure of taxes are taken by common institutions, shared by the participating governments. Die Union nationale (UN) war eine konservativ-nationalistische politische Partei in der kanadischen Provinz Québec, die von 1935 bis 1989 existierte.Sie entstand aus der Fusion der Parti conservateur du Québec mit der Action libérale nationale.Dreimal stellte sie die Provinzregierung: von 1936 bis 1939, von 1944 bis 1960 und von 1966 bis 1970. The Union Nationale received fewer votes (36 per cent) than the Liberal Party (39 per cent) but The party of a generation, the Union Nationale defended provincial autonomy, conservatism, economic liberalism and rural During the 1940s and 1950s the Union Nationale enjoyed a significant advantage over the Liberal opposition because of its large election chest, built up mostly with contributions from the business sector. won an absolute majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly. ensure consistency of definitions across Member States to provide the necessary comparability. The harmonisation of definitions . From an economic and social standpoint, Duplessis’ Union Nationale implemented laissez-faire policies, especially on natural resource development and hydroelectricity. Federal Cabinet Member Ernest Lapointe, the Quebec lieutenant of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, promised that no one would face conscription if voters supported the Liberals. The European Union is committed to protecting your personal data and to respecting your privacy. Bitte scrollen Sie nach unten und klicken Sie, um jeden von ihnen zu sehen. In September 1976, Biron abandoned a plan to unite his party with Choquette's Parti National Populaire, despite prior efforts made by the two groups.[22]. Other articles where Union Nationale is discussed: Canada: Quebec separatism: As leader of the Union Nationale party—a party he had helped to create—Duplessis’s first term in office ended when he lost the 1939 election after challenging Ottawa’s right to intervene in provincial jurisdictions during wartime. Duplessis’ four consecutive terms in office sparked considerable opposition. He soon rose to prominence as he used the Standing Committee on Public Accounts to expose the corrupt practices of the Liberal government of Alexandre Taschereau and force it to call an early election. From 1978 to 1980, five MNAs either crossed the floor, moved to federal politics or retired. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. In. However, he also died after only three months in office. The Liberals won a plurality of the vote in the 1944 election, finishing one point ahead of the Union Nationale. An economic union is a type of trade bloc which is composed of a common market with a customs union. Maurice Duplessis, le ChefDécouvrez sur le site des archives de Radio-Canada ce dossier audio-visuel consacré à Duplessis. From the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. The Union Nationale was originally a coalition of the Conservative Party and the Action libérale nationale, formed to contest the 1935 provincial election in Québec. The government adopted a farm credit policy in 1936, which was popular in rural areas where the party's most loyal base of supporters lived, but for the most part the administration of Maurice Duplessis protected the status quo. Moreover, its influence was made obvious when its organization helped defeat Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau in 1957 and helped John Diefenbaker's Progressive Conservative's win a majority of the province's seats in the 1958 federal election—something that the Tories hadn't done in over 60 years. Union approach to the challenge; this coordination has to be rooted in strong technical fundamentals that start with a standard case definition across the COVID -19 disease spectrum. Summary of the contributions of the National Competition Authorities to the evaluation of the Market Definition Notice. In 1936, the Union Nationale abandoned the idea of nationalizing hydroelectricity, one of the main planks of the Action libérale nationale platform. Duplessis and the Union Nationale AdministrationA monograph about Maurice Duplessis and his Union Nationale government. one single uniform and consistent application of this obligation across the Union. [14] The party was heavily defeated in the 1962 election, but it held a convention to discuss its platform in 1965 and opened its structures to card-carrying supporters. The name change was not enough to halt the party's decline, and at the 1973 election, it was shut out of the legislature for the first time.[18]. Association nationale de défense des consommateurs et usagersAssociation de consommateurs. The latter prevailed when Jean-Jacques Bertrand won the party leadership over Jean-Guy Cardinal,[16] but the controversy over a language legislation known as Bill 63 prompted a number of nationalist supporters, and legislators such as Antonio Flamand and Jérôme Proulx to join the Parti Québécois.[17]. Conservative leader Maurice Duplessis became Leader of the Opposition. Credit Union: A credit union is a type of financial co-operative . Also, the legislature passed the Act to protect the Province Against Communistic Propaganda, better known as the Padlock Law, in 1937, which provided evidence of Duplessis's interest in appearing tough on communism. It was also under a Union Nationale government The Liberal Party had not opposed conscription and had agreed to constitutional reform that would Won leadership convention on September 23, 1961; Won leadership convention on June 21, 1969; Won leadership convention on June 19, 1971; Won leadership convention on May 22, 1976; Won leadership convention on January 9, 1981; Appointed interim leader August 20, 1981; acclaimed at leadership convention on October 24, 1982. A fiscal union does not imply the centralisation of spending and tax decisions at the supranational level. The Union Nationale enjoyed a surge after a majority of Canadian voters allowed the federal government to pass conscription. It did not win the trust of English speakers, except in the 1976 election: to the chagrin of many English-speaking Québécois, The adoption of the Fleurdelisé who fought for women’s suffrage until 1940 and then led the Social Democratic Party of Québec from 1951 to 1957. Became interim party leader following Poulin's resignation on March 24, 1987. From Library and Archives Canada. 1939 versuchte die Partei mit der Liberal-demokratischen Partei des Kantons Genf zu fusionieren. However, the party ran only 19 candidates, none of whom came close to being elected. (1) : the formation of a single political unit from two or more separate and independent units. The women's movement also challenged the government; a key player was Thérèse Casgrain, KEY FINDINGS . Relation existant entre deux ou plusieurs choses, deux ou plusieurs personnes qui forment un ensemble : Le problème de l'union de l'âme et du corps. [21] His impulsive policy statements and poor relations with the old guard of the party led to resignations of party officials, including Jacques Tétreault, who had been his most serious opponent for the party leadership. voters who were in their twenties during the 1930s were its most loyal supporters. that plans for the Québec health insurance plan were drafted (see Health Policy). Union Nationale des Étudiants de France. The party won six provincial elections between 1936 and 1966. The new government implemented a vast program of social changes, which is now known as the Quiet Revolution. In 2009, former Union Nationale MNAs Serge Fontaine and Bertrand Goulet (both of whom had been among the last Union Nationale members elected to the legislature) announced the formation of a new Conservative Party of Quebec. The government was also accused of being too strongly aligned with the Catholic clergy. Herbert F. Quinn, The Union Nationale: A Study in Quebec nationalism (Toronto : UTP, 1974). The Union nationale (French pronunciation: [ynjɔ̃ nɑsjɔnal]) was a conservative and nationalist provincial political party in Quebec, Canada, that identified with Québécois autonomism.It was created during the Great Depression and held power in Quebec from 1936 to 1939, and from 1944 to 1960 and from 1966 to 1970. which caused the party to crumble and rapidly decline. Capitalizing on his success, Duplessis called a caucus meeting at Sherbrooke's Magog Hotel and received the support of 15 Conservatives and 22 ALN members in favor of a merger of the two parties under his leadership under the name Union nationale. The EU was created by the Maastricht Treaty, which entered into force on November 1, 1993. Définition l'Union nationale dans le dictionnaire de définitions Reverso, synonymes, voir aussi 'trait d'union',trait d'union',unisson',unition', expressions, conjugaison, exemples Sie sind auf der linken Seite unten aufgeführt. Vous avez un différend avec votre assureur et le litige persiste ? The pledge was devastating to the Union Nationale, which lost the 1939 election. The Union Nationale was in power one last time between 1966 and 1970. Définitions de National Union of Workers, synonymes, antonymes, dérivés de National Union of Workers, dictionnaire analogique de National Union of Workers (allemand) Fiscal union is the integration of the fiscal policy of nations or states. They retain their national passports and other identification papers. During its final term from 1966 to 1970, the Union Nationale continued reforms undertaken by the Liberal Party during the Quiet Revolution. the Liberal government passed the Official Languages Act (Bill 22) in 1974, so they voted in large numbers for the Union Nationale. In September, after a group of veteran party members demanded his immediate resignation, Beliveau stepped down as leader.[27]. L'Union nationale est un parti politique gabonais, créé en février 2010 par l'union de trois partis et dissous le 26 janvier 2011 par le ministre de l'intérieur pour avoir « violé gravement la Constitution ». Accountant and former UN cabinet minister, Appointed party leader on October 28, 1985 and led the UN into the. From google.com. National Union (Switzerland), Union nationale in French This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. The April 2013 um 19:49. LES DÉBUTS D’UN TEMPS NOUVEAU Exposition virtuelle sur la Révolution tranquille hébergée par le Musée virtuel du Canada. By the 1980s, the Union Nationale no longer could rely on a significant get-out-the-vote organization or attract any media attention. of Duplessis such as Pierre Elliott Trudeau, René Lévesque, Gérard Pelletier and Pierre Vallières. Furthermore, a number of small conservative and créditiste parties were created and were in competition with the Union Nationale for the few thousands of votes that were still up for grabs. The Union Nationale went into the contest under its third leader in less than a year, and narrowly lost to Jean Lesage's Liberals. EUIPO’s research shows that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) which own designs have 17% higher revenue per employee than SMEs that do not own any intellectual property rights. Formed during the Great Depression of the 1930s and after 39 years of Liberal government, the Union Nationale initially advocated social, economic and political reform. The European Union is committed to protecting your personal data and to respecting your privacy. Ils sont joignables par téléphone ou par mail. Note also that the Union Nationale Better known as the Padlock Act, The fight against socialism was René Chaloult, Oscar Drouin, Joseph-Ernest Grégoire, Philippe Hamel, François Leduc and Adolphe Marcoux quit the party, while Rouville Beaudry and Grégoire Bélanger left politics. [23] In the April 1981 provincial election, the party lost all of its seats, and would never elect another MNA. Nur so ist es möglich, Europa zu einem gemeinsamen Lebens- und Handlungsraum zu entwickeln. The party won six provincial elections between 1936 and 1966. Throughout the third quarter 2020, the labour market across the European Union (EU) recovered to some extent as COVID-19 measures taken were relaxed by most Member States. Als Fake News (auch Fake-News oder Fakenews; englisch fake news [ˈfɛɪ̯kˌnjuːz]) werden manipulativ verbreitete, vorgetäuschte Nachrichten bezeichnet, die sich überwiegend im Internet, insbesondere in sozialen Netzwerken und anderen sozialen Medien, zum Teil viral verbreiten. Lemieux, V.,, & Harvey, N., Union Nationale (2015). In fact, the Union Nationale argued for autonomy primarily when a Liberal government was in power federally. Under new leader Rodrigue Biron, the Union Nationale sided with the Yes campaign during the 1980 referendum, In the 1970 election, the Union Nationale was resoundingly defeated, winning only 17 seats. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. Der Rechtschreibduden, der den Begriff 2017 in die 27. On June 19, 1989, Quebec chief electoral officer Pierre F. Côté withdrew the party's registration after the party was found to be nearly $350,000 in debt. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Personal data and privacy. The EU also provides various funding opportunities and lending schemes to help companies and regions successfully implement energy projects. When an economic union involves unifying currency it becomes an … Für alle Bedeutungen von UNAID klicken Sie bitte auf "Mehr". 1 Compared to the 1935 election in which the Action libérale nationale, led by Paul Gouin, and the Quebec Conservative Party, led by Maurice Duplessis elected, which elected 42 MLAs (27 ALN and 15 Conservatives) running as an electoral alliance under the banner of the Union nationale. However, this did not last. Those parties included André Asselin's Progressive Conservative Party of Quebec, Jacques E. Tardif's Unité Québec and Jean-Paul Poulin's Parti crédit social uni. another feature of the Duplessis platform, and it found expression in the Act Respecting Communistic Propaganda, which was passed in 1937. Für alle Bedeutungen von UNAPOC klicken Sie bitte auf "Mehr". Labour Minister Antonio Barrette took over a government that was increasingly seen as tired and unfocused, despite Sauvé's efforts at reform. It changed its name in 2012 to the Parti unité nationale. Hours of Operation: Monday – Friday 9:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. It was the first time in Quebec that a party had lost its official status as a result of its debts. This military collective is called the Regional Forces Group of Belarus and Russia (RGF). The electorate was increasingly polarized over the constitutional issue, with conservative-leaning voters split between either the federalist Liberals or the sovereigntist Parti Québécois in provincial elections. The 1962 general election was called early so that voters could approve the nationalization of hydroelectricity, and the Union Nationale, which opposed the reform, suffered a crushing defeat.The leaders’ debate between Daniel Johnson (Union Nationale) and Jean Lesage (Liberal) was the first ever to be televised in Canada. Duplessis, who would later create a provincial income tax equal to 15 per cent of the federal income tax,[12] claimed that the Godbout government failed to impose the strict respect for the principles established in the British North America Act of 1867. The Union Nationale received most of its support from rural voters, small- and medium-scale businessmen, and non-unionized labour. The Union Nationale was a Québec political party founded in 1935 and dissolved in 1989. It ran candidates in two by-elections in 1993, but the party did not field any eligible candidates in the 1994 election and lost its registration on August 27, 1994.[29]. Un gouvernement d’unité nationale ou gouvernement d'union nationale est un gouvernement constitué des principaux partis voire de la majorité des partis politiques dits « de gouvernement » représentés dans un parlement. The coalition's leaders were Maurice Duplessis of the Conservative Party and Paul Gouin of the ALN. 2,533 Followers, 1,241 Following, 499 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from FFVelo (@ffvelo_officiel) April 2013 um 19:49 Uhr bearbeitet. Bernard Saint-Aubin, Duplessis et son époque (Montréal : La Presse, 1979). Definition of union. [25] The party was $150,000 in debt, but appeared poised to return to the National Assembly when one public opinion poll in October 1984 showed it with 18% public support, its best showing since 1976, in the wake of the 1984 federal election in which the Progressive Conservatives won Quebec and the country in a landslide. If National Competent Authorities (NCAs) or national legislators adopt different classifications of what constitutes a derivative contract, the clearing obligation would not apply in a uniform manner across the Union, contravening the objectives of EMIR. Patricia G. Dirks, The Failure of L'Action Libérale Nationale, Michael Derek Behiels, Prelude to Quebec's Quiet Revolution: Liberalism Versus Neo-Nationalism, 1945-1960, p. 199, Montreal Gazette, "PNP, UN to join forces", 4 August 1976, p.1, Liste des partis politiques provinciaux ayant perdu leur autorisation, Directeur général des élections du Québec, Gérard Bergeron, À nous autres, Aide-mémoire politique par le temps qui court, Université Laval, 1986, La Salle was a candidate in the district of, Béliveau was a candidate in the district of, Bouillon was a candidate in the district of, Poulin was a candidate in the district of, Le Brun was a Union Nationale candidate in the district of, "Election ad published in The St. Maurice Valley Chronicle, on August 6, 1936", "Bilan du Siècle, 1934: Manifeste de l'Action libérale nationale", "Bilan du Siècle, 23 septembre 1961 - Élection de Daniel Johnson au poste de chef de l'Union nationale", "Québecpolitique.com, Political History of Quebec, March", "Bilan du Siècle, 21 juin 1969 - Tenue d'un congrès au leadership par l'Union nationale", "La " loi 63 " soulève l'ire des francophones, Radio-Canada, April 5, 1977", "Bilan du Siècle, 19 juin 1971 - Élection de Gabriel Loubier au poste de chef de l'Union nationale", "Bilan du Siècle, 30 mars 1974 - Accession de Maurice Bellemare au poste de chef intérimaire de l'Union nationale", "Bilan du Siècle, 22 mai 1976 - Élection de Rodrigue Biron au poste de chef de l'Union nationale", "Bilan du Siècle, 9 janvier 1981 - Accession de Roch Lasalle au poste de chef de l'Union nationale", "Bilan du Siècle, 24 octobre 1982 - Accession de Jean-Marc Béliveau au poste de chef de l'Union nationale", "Accession de Jean-Marc Béliveau au poste de chef de l'Union nationale", "Ottawa Citizen - Google News Archive Search", "The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search", "Le Parti conservateur du Québec tisse des liens", Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale, Conservative and right-of-centre parties in Canada, Ontario Provincial Confederation of Regions Party, New Brunswick Confederation of Regions Party, Northwest Territories Liberal-Conservatives, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Nationale_(Quebec)&oldid=998055280, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Confirmed as UN leader by caucus on June 20, 1936.

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