He made his new city the Assyrian capital and engaged in building projects, commissioning art work, and writing of his conquests. According to Sargon's own inscriptions, 27,290 Jews were deported from Israel and resettled across the Assyrian Empire, following the standard Assyrian way of dealing with defeated enemy peoples through resettlement. [45], The rediscovery of Dur-Sharrukin was made by chance. Though Sargon claimed to be the son of the previous king Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 745–727 BC), this is uncertain and he probably gained the throne through usurping it from Shalmaneser V. Sargon is recognized as one of the most important Neo-Assyrian kings due to his role in founding the Sargonid dynasty, which would rule the Neo-Assyrian Empire until its fall less than a century after Sargon's death. When they reopen, Shalmaneser V – only five years on the throne and carrying on two sieges simultaneously – is dead. The Kingdom of Urartu had been conquered by his father but never completely so. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2021) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Notably, his prolonged siege of Samaria, which had lasted three years, was still ongoing by the time of his death. The Destruction of the Northern Kingdom of Israel with Map "Therefore the LORD was very angry with Israel, and removed them from His sight; there was none left but the tribe of Judah alone. They completely lacked a fleet. The Urartians were fierce warriors who bred some of the best horses in the region and raised them specifically for combat. [8] Probably born c. 762 BC, Sargon would have grown up during a period of civil unrest in Assyria. I could give no ease to their weariness, no water to quench their thirst". [11], These border incursions continued into Sargon's reign. He left Babylon and moved into his palace at Dur-Sharrukin in 706 BCE. This city would become Dur-Sharrukin, a central preoccupation of the king throughout his reign. Marduk-apla-iddina II, the leader of the Bit-Yakin, a powerful Babylonian tribe, seized control of Babylon and announced an end of Assyrian rule over the region. The difficulty lay in their strategically located kingdom which was nestled in the foothills of the Taurus Mountains and heavily defended. The main incentive to continue serving in the Assyrian army was probably not fear, but rather the frequent spoils of war that could be taken after victories. Bauer notes: The reliefs in his new palace at [Dur-Sharrukin] show his greatness; his huge figure pushes even the forms of the gods into the background. Israel. In c. 717 BCE he first conceived of the idea of his own capital city built on virgin land and commissioned that it be built. Sargon as such likely sought to emulate aspects of the ancient Akkadian king. Sargon's brutal actions against his enemies should be understood in the context of the Assyrian worldview; since Sargon perceived himself as having been bestowed with the kingship by the gods, the gods approved his policies, and thus his wars were just. [11][20] In 707 BC,[30] several Cypriote kingdoms were defeated by the Assyrian vassal state Tyre, with Assyrian aid. Shalmaneser’s column records: “The cities of Gilead and Abel-beth-maachah on the borders of the land of Khumri, and the widespread land of Hazael to its whole extent, I brought within the territory of Assyria.” Upon Shalmaneser’s death, Sargon II assumed the throne of Assyria. [5] Tiglath-Pileser's claim to relation with the preceding dynasty appears only in king lists, in his own personal inscriptions there is a noticeable lack of familial references (otherwise common in inscriptions by Assyrian kings) and these instead stress that he had been called upon and personally appointed by Assur, the god of Assyria. His birth name is unknown as is whatever position he held at court prior to assuming the throne. Merodach-Baladan fled the city with as many riches as he could carry including his royal furniture: a silver bed, throne, table, the royal ablution-pitcher, and his own necklace (Bauer, 379). His greatest campaigns were his 714 BC war against Urartu, Assyria's northern neighbor, and his 710–709 BC reconquest of Babylon, which had successfully re-established itself as an independent kingdom upon Shalmaneser V's death. Through the campaign, which did not serve to establish Assyrian rule on the island, but just to aid their ally, the Assyrians gained detailed knowledge of Cyprus (which they called Adnana) for the first time in their history. He was the king who conquered Israel. Sargon II used many of the most prestigious ancient Mesopotamian royal titles to signify his desire to reach this goal, such as "king of the universe" and "king of the four corners of the world". [20] After Hamath had been destroyed, Sargon continued by defeating Damascus and Arpad in battle at Qarqar in the same year. "who made the House of Omri totter." [44] Further sources for Sargon's time include the numerous clay tablets dating to his reign, including legal and administrative documents and personal letters. All during this time, however, a persistent problem had been presenting itself in the north. In an account of restoration work done to Ashurnasirpal II's palace in Kalhu (written before his victory over Marduk-apla-iddina II), Sargon uses the following longer titulature: Sargon, prefect of Enlil, priest of Assur, elect of Anu and Enlil, the mighty king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, king of the four quarters of the world, favorite of the great gods, rightful ruler, whom Assur and Marduk have called, and whose name they have caused to attain unto the highest renown; mighty hero, clothed in terror, who sends forth his weapon to bring low the foe; brave warrior, since the day of whose accession to rulership, there has been no prince equal to him, who has been without conqueror or rival; who has brought under his sway all lands from the rising to the setting sun and has assumed the rulership of the subjects of Enlil; warlike leader, to whom Nudimmud has granted the greatest might, whose hand has drawn a sword which cannot be withstood; exalted prince, who came face to face with Humbanigash, king of Elam, in the outskirts of Dêr and defeated him; subduer of the land of Judah, which lies far away; who carried off the people of Hamath, whose hands captured Yau-bi'di, their king; who repulsed the people of Kakmê, wicked enemies; who set in order the disordered Mannean tribes; who gladdened the heart of his land; who extended the border of Assyria; painstaking ruler; snare of the faithless; whose hand captured Pisiris, king of Hatti, and set his official over Carchemish, his capital; who carried off the people of Shinuhtu, belonging to Kiakki, king of Tabal, and brought them to Assur, his capital; who placed his yoke on the land of Muski; who conquered the Manneans, Karallu and Paddiri; who avenged his land; who overthrew the distant Medes as far as the rising sun. The death of the king and loss of his body were considered an enormous tragedy and an evil omen. [11] This allowed Sargon to compensate the increasing costs of his intense deployments of the Assyrian army. (375). Although the qanat system - a brilliant innovation bringing deep ground water to the surface - is often attributed to Cyrus the Great, it was actually an earlier Persian invention. He raised my head; let me take hold of the scepter, the throne and the tiara. His successful military innovations, including replacing conscription with levies being supplied from each province, made the Assyrian army one of the most effective armies assembled up until that point. Sargon's plunder of the temples and palaces in the city resulted in the king securing, among other treasures, about ten tonnes of silver and over a tonne of gold. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Sargon_II/. Sennacherib spent a lot of time and effort to rid the empire of Sargon's imagery. Sargon's 707 BC stele from Cyprus accords the king the following titulature: Sargon, the great king, the mighty king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, viceroy of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four regions of the earth, favorite of the great gods, who go before me; Assur, Nabû and Marduk have intrusted to me an unrivaled kingdom and have caused my gracious name to attain unto highest renown.[57]. Sargon II claimed 27,290 captives, but that number only represents the captives taken from the city of Samaria alone. Sargon II writes of them respectfully, even though they were his enemies, as noted by Bauer: Sargon’s own accounts speak admiringly of the Urartian king Rusas and the network of canals and wells which he built; of the herds of well-bred and guarded horses, raised in protected valleys until they were needed for war; of the splendid efficiency of Urartian communication, with watchtowers built high on mountain peaks, guarding heaps of fuel that could be lit at a moment’s notice. https://www.ancient.eu/Sargon_II/. Marduk-apla-iddina then fled to his home city near the shores of the Persian Gulf, Dur-Jakin. [20], Sargon's 716 BC campaign saw him attack the Mannaeans in modern Iran, plundering their temples, and in 715 BC, Sargon's armies were in the region called Media, conquering settlements and cities and securing treasure and prisoners to be sent back to Kalhu. Sargon II (Akkadies Šarru-ukin, "hy [= die god] het die koning ferm gemaak"; bewind 722 tot 705 v.C.) He understood, however, that these kinds of invasions would continue and he would have to repeatedly expend time and resources in dealing with them. He allowed Merodach-Baladan to live, however, and this decision has mystified historians and scholars ever since. [20] Since his defeat in his first attempt to restore Assyrian authority in the south, Babylonia had represented a thorn in his side but he knew that he had to attempt another tactic than the straightforward method he had previously used. [11], Sargon's later campaigns varied in success. I made the surging flood of Assyrians easily cross over its difficult height and on top of that mountain I set up camp. [10] A minor 704 BC[49] campaign (unmentioned in Sennacherib's later historical accounts), led by Sennacherib's magnates rather than the king himself, was sent against Tabal in order to avenge Sargon. In the same year, the Mannaeans, subjected to Urartu and living around Lake Urmia, rebelled due to the 716 BC Assyrian attack against them and had to be suppressed. Bible History Online. Directly after his death, however, the people seem to have been encouraged to forget that such a king had ever reigned. was ’n Assiriese koning. With Urartu defeated, and fearing that his troops would mutiny if he led them further into the mountains in pursuit, Sargon II turned his forces around and headed back towards Assyria. One beacon, lit, flared up on its mountaintop into an enormous bonfire that appeared as a spark to the next distant post, where the next bonfire could then be lit. Certains historiens attribuent la facilité de la défaite d'Israël aux deux décennies précédentes d'invasions, de défaites et de déportations. Sargon II. By not entering Urartu through the mountain pass, Sargon avoided having to fight in terrain the Urartians were more experienced with. The only reason scholars know Sargon II was Tiglath Pileser III’s son is from Sargon II’s own inscriptions and court documents from his reign. Sargon II took the throne, abolished the taxation and labor policies, and ended the sieges his brother’s administration had prolonged. Ancient History Encyclopedia. [20] The treasury secured from Carchemish was so rich in silver that the Assyrian economy changed from being primarily bronze-based to being primarily silver-based. In 722 b.c.e. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. Place excavated almost the entire palace as well as large parts of the surrounding town. The first scholarly reference above tells us that the Gimirrai suddenly appeared in history during the reign of Sargon II, 722-705 B.C. Sargon II’s Deportations to Israel and Philistia (716-708 B.C. The wing gave ground in the face of his desperate savagery; and according to his own account, Sargon’s army, seeing him fling himself into the line, took courage and followed him in. This specific resettlement resulted in the famous loss of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. The army had, by this time, been marching through hard terrain in early summer and, though they had been resupplied and watered by previously conquered Medes, they were exhausted by the time they made final camp. The following verses (v 3-6) contain a prophecy of Egypt’s downfall after an Assyrian invasion and the retreat of their Ethiopian rulers … Shalmaneser V tried hard to hold his father’s empire together and expand on it, which he succeeded in to a degree, but his military exploits were not carried out with the speed and efficiency that had marked his father’s reign and his taxation and labor policies were unpopular with the people. [19] Sargon's predecessor, Shalmaneser V, had tried to continue the expansionism of his father but his military efforts had been both slower and less efficient than those of Tiglath-Pileser III. INSCRIPTIONS OF SARGON II COS 2.118A, p. 293 The only reason scholars know Sargon II was Tiglath Pileser III’s son is from Sargon II’s own inscriptions and court documents from his reign. . Sargon II’s inscription regarding what followed reads: "The Elamite scoundrel accepted his bribe but feared my military power; so he blocked Merodach-Baladan’s way and forbade him to go into Elam.” Merodach-Baladan fled to his native city of Bit-Yakin on the Persian Gulf where Sargon II’s forces followed him, attacked, and destroyed the city. (Bauer, 376). He paused at the city of Mushashir, however, sacked it, and plundered the holy temple of Haldi carrying off literally tons of gold, silver, and precious gems. (Van De Mieroop, 216). The revolt of Israel against Assyria during the days of King Hoshea, last king of Israel, brought on a siege by the Assyrians (1 Kings 17). Rusa was aware that the Assyrians were likely to invade his kingdom and had probably kept most of his remaining army by Lake Urmia following his victory over the Mannaeans as the lake was close to the Assyrian border. As the siege dragged on, negotiations were started and in 709 BC it was agreed that the city would surrender and tear down its exterior walls in exchange for Sargon sparing the life of Marduk-apla-iddina. The reasoning behind this route was probably not fear of Urartu's fortifications but rather because Sargon knew that the Urartians anticipated him to attack through the Kel-i-šin pass. [14] Shalmaneser is only mentioned in one of Sargon's inscriptions: Shalmaneser, who did not fear the king of the world, whose hands have brought sacrilege in this city [Assur], put on his people, he imposed the compulsory work and a heavy corvée, paid them like a working class. One of the most important places in all of Urartu, the holy city Musasir, was located just west of this pass and as such it required extensive protection. As with his successful campaign against Babylonia, Sargon left Sennacherib in charge of the Assyrian heartland and personally led his army through Mesopotamia and into Anatolia. Another alternative is that Šarru-kīn is a phonetic reproduction of the contracted pronunciation of Šarru-ukīn to Šarrukīn, which means that it should be interpreted as "the king has obtained/established order", possibly referencing disorder either during the reign of his predecessor or disorder created by Sargon's usurpation. Last modified July 03, 2014. Mark, Joshua J. Royal Inscription of Sargon - MS 2368 Nimrud Prism IV 25-41: Mentions conquest of Bit-Humriya (House of Omri) Israel. He then continued on to crush the other cities which had joined the rebellion, Damascus and Arpad, at the Battle of Qarqar. Sargon returned with the Assyrian army in 720 BC, and pacified the province, deporting the citizens of Israel beyond the Euphrates (some 27,290 according to the inscription of Sargon II), and settling people from Babylon, Cuthah, Avva, Hamath and Sepharvaim in … None of Sennacherib’s inscriptions mention his father at all and no building or monument was raised in his name. Sargon II understood that the only way to defeat the Urartians would be to surprise them. In the war against Urartu, Sargon circumvented the series of Urartian fortifications alongside the border of the two kingdoms by marching around them along a longer route and he successfully seized and plundered Urartu's holiest city, Musasir. It is likely, however, that he orchestrated a coup after he had grown tired of what he saw as his brother’s inept reign. In the Babylonian campaign, Sargon also attacked from an unexpected front, first marching alongside the Tigris river and then attacking the kingdom from the southeast rather than the north. ', 2006. Leading the army himself, he marched east, skirting the Urartu stronghold, and hoping to bring his forces, unnoticed, up through the flat lands to surprise Urartu from the rear. The Neo-Assyrian Empire (912-612 BCE) was, according to many historians... Sargon of Akkad (also known as Sargon the Great, Shar-Gani-Sharri... Governors, diplomats and soldiers in the service of Sargon II and Tiglath-pileser III, kings of Assyria, The Ancient Near East, Volume I - An Anthology Of Texts And Pictures.

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