The period ended with the decisive advent of the Neo-Assyrian Empire under Adad-nirari II, whose reign began in 911 BC. One fundamental intention of Mesopotamian art was to honour the gods and goddesses who ruled over different aspects of nature and important life events. J.-C.) et l'autre Assurbanipal (VIIe siècle av. Even before dominating the region the Assyrians had continued the cylinder seal tradition with designs which are often exceptionally energetic and refined. Uruk was a major city for early Sumerian culture and home to the great Sumerian hero Gilgamesh who features in the famous epic poem of that name, one of the earliest examples of narrative that survives today. The intricate curling and patterning of the beard and the complex hairstyle suggests royalty, power, and wealth from an ideal male in society. L'art de Mesopotàmia s'origina des de l'edat de Bronze a les cultures de Sumer, Imperis Accadi Babiloni i Assiri. J.-C. L’arquitectura:• No hi havia pedreres de marbe i això dificultava fer edificis sòlids.• Per això ho feien amb maons i amb betum per proteixir-se de la pluja.• 3. Many sophisticated and finely carved seals survive. Human figures are comparatively rigid and static but are also minutely detailed, as in triumphal scenes of sieges, battles, and individual combat. J.-C. et a probablement été moulée[5]. G51. Elle fut construite vers 575 av. Isin-Larsa. The remains of one of the most important te… Assyrian palaces had a large public court with a suite of apartments on the east side and a series of large banqueting halls on the south side. Ring of Gold, Carnelian, Lapis Lazuli, Tello, ancient Girsu, mid-3rd millennium BC. Other museums with important collections of Mesopotamian art are: the Oriental Institute of Chicago, İstanbul Archaeology Museums (Istanbul, Turkey), University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (Leiden, the Netherlands) and the Israel Museum (Jerusalem). Lions, dragons et taureaux y sont représentés. [27] They featured essentially geometric patterns. Lions, dragons and bulls are represented. Some of civilization's first cities were founded by the Sumerian people in Mesopotamia, which is located in the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Riv [45] It could depict a temple goddess. E. The ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia are the source of the earliest surving art; these civilizations were situated between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. These exude a confident serenity. Fragment de la stèle des vautours, Début de la IIIe période dynastique, 2600–2350 av. De nombreux chefs-d’œuvre ont été trouvés dans le cimetière royal d'Ur (v. 2650 av. The main emphasis was on various, very durable, forms of sculpture in stone and clay; little painting has survived, but what has suggests that, with some exceptions,[2] painting was mainly used for geometrical and plant-based decorative schemes, though most sculptures were also painted. The last was extensively looted after the breakdown of law and order following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, but the most important objects have largely been recovered. Cependant, l’une des caractéristiques classiques que l’art byzantin n’a pas connues était la capacité des artistes à représenter la réalité, ou du moins à essayer de le faire. Their art reflects both their adaptation to and fear of these natural forces, as well as their military conquests. Abstract. Mesopotamian art survives in a number of forms: cylinder seals, relatively small figures in the round, and reliefs of various sizes, including cheap plaques of moulded pottery for the home, some religious and some apparently not. 2900–2600 BCE, Sumer. Try. The Amorite dynasty ended in 1595 BC, when Babylonia fell to the Hittite king Mursilis, after which the Kassites took control. Djemdet Nasr stone bowl, once inlaid with mother-of-pearl, red paste, and bitumen. By some margin, the most important collections are those of (in no particular order) the Louvre Museum, the Vorderasiatisches Museum (Berlin, Germany), the British Museum (London), the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City), and the National Museum of Iraq (Baghdad). The decoration of pottery essentially consists in geometrical shapes, and a few ibex designs. British Museum. [32], In North Mesopotamia, Ubaid culture expanded during the period between about 5300 and 4300 BC. Aside from its aesthetic traits, this piece is spectacular because it is the earliest hollow-cast sculpture item known to use the lost-wax casting process. The earliest type of dress attested in early Sumerian art is not the kaunakes, but rather a sort of kilt or "net dress" which is quite closely fitting the lower body, while the upper body remains bare. [62], Distinctly Mesopotamian objects and art forms entered Egypt during this period, indicating exchanges and contacts. Several other museums have good collections, especially of the very numerous cylinder seals. [78][79] National Museum of Damascus, The Akkadian Empire was the first to control not only all Mesopotamia, but other territories in the Levant, from about 2271 to 2154 BC. L'étendard d'Ur, un coffre dont la fonction est encore incertaine, est finement incrusté d'un décor en partie figuratif. Four-faced god, Ishchali, Isin-Larsa to Old Babylonia periods, 2000–1600 BC, bronze - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago, From the 18th millennium BC, Hammurabi (1792 BC to 1750 BC), the Amorite ruler of Babylon, turned Babylon into a major power and eventually conquered Mesopotamia and beyond. [27], Female fertility figurines in painted clay, possibly goddesses, also appear in this period, circa 6000–5100 BC. Les Assyriens ont développé un style aux programmes narratifs extrêmement importants dans des reliefs très finement détaillés, en pierre ou en albâtre, originellement peints, pour leurs palais. [84], The Louvre head is a life-size, bronze bust found in Nineveh. [48] The end of the period, despite being a time of considerable economic expansion, saw a decline in the quality of art, perhaps as demand outstripped the supply of artists. [26] There are clay figures, zoomorphic or anthropomorphic, including figures of pregnant women which are taken to be fertility goddesses, similar to the Mother Goddess of later Neolithic cultures in the same region. De nombreux sceaux, sophistiqués et finement sculptés en témoignent. These were evidently fitted to bodies that have not survived, probably of wood. Kassite Kudurru stele of Kassite king Marduk-apla-iddina I. Louvre Museum. [73] Later in the period this geometric style was replaced by a strongly contrasting one giving "a detailed rendering of the physical peculiarities of the subject"; "Instead of sharply contrasting, clearly articulated masses, we see fluid transitions and infinitely modulated surfaces".[74]. Kassite cylinder seal, ca. The conquest of the whole of Mesopotamia and much surrounding territory by the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC) created a larger and wealthier state than the region had known before, and very grandiose art in palaces and public places, no doubt partly intended to match the splendour of the art of the neighbouring Egyptian empire. Seal with a modern impression in which is depicted a hero fighting two female winged deamons; 8th–7th century BC; chalcedony; Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon (France), Conical seal; 7th–6th century BC; lapis lazuli; height: 2.7 cm, diameter: 2.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City), Brick panel of a passing lion, from the Gate of Ishtar; 605–562 BC; glazed terracotta; from Iraq; Louvre, One of the mušḫuššu dragons from the Gate of Ishtar; 604–562 BC; glazed terracotta, now Istanbul. This succeeds an earlier period of development in the Levant, as in the Hayonim Cave, were carvings of animals such as horses are known from the earliest dates of the Upper Paleolithic, with dates ranging from 40,000 to 18,500 BP.[10][11][12][13]. Copper becomes a significant medium for sculpture, probably despite most works having later being recycled for their metal. These marked fortified royal gateways, an architectural form common throughout Asia Minor. National Museum of Iraq. Les assyriens ont produit très peu de sculptures en ronde-bosse, exceptées les colossales figures de gardiens, généralement des lions et des créatures ailées dotées de têtes anthropomorphes barbues. 1927. Artisans used the veins in the material to maximum visual effect. Man carrying a box, possibly for offerings. 20 mai 2016 - Marteau orné de deux têtes et d'un plumage d'oiseau Iran et Bactriane 9/4 Cette arme de bronze votive est caractéristique de l'art de la métallurgie iranienne dont le site de Suse a livré de nombreux exemples. Samarra plate, with a design consists of a rim, a circle of eight fish, and four fish swimming towards the center being caught by four birds, at the center being a swastika symbol; circa 4000 BC; painted ceramic; diameter: 27.7 cm; Vorderasiatisches Museum (Berlin), Samarra period fine ware, with central Ibex motif; circa 6200–5700 BC; Vorderasiatisches Museum, Female figurine found in the Tell es Sawwan (middle Tigris, near Samarra), level 1; circa 6000 BC; alabaster; Louvre, Fragment of Samarra pottery with geometrical designs in University of Chicago Oriental Institute (USA), The Ubaid period (c. 6500–3800 BC)[29] is a prehistoric period of Mesopotamia. Décoré de têtes et d'un plumage d'oiseau, ce marteau porte une inscription en sumérien du roi Shulgi, "héros puissant, roi d'Ur, roi de Sumer et d'Akkad". Artworks from the ancient cultures of Sumer, the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Babylon, and the Neo-Assyrian Empire, can be found in the permanent collections of several of the world's best art museums of Antiquity. King Iddin-Sin of the Kingdom of Simurrum, holding an axe and a bow, trampling a foe, in front of Goddess Ishtar. Kassite king Meli-Shipak II on his throne on a kudurru-Land grant to Ḫunnubat-Nanaya. Clay was the Sumerians' most abundant material. [50][51], The original Warka Vase, in the National Museum of Iraq. Fig. Figurine féminine en albâtre, Tell es Sawwan (Moyen Tigre, près de Samarra), vers 6000 av. [31] In the south it has a very long duration between about 6500 and 3800 BC when it is replaced by the Uruk period. 2144 to 2124 BC), was a great patron of new temples early in the period, and an unprecedented 26 statues of Gudea, mostly rather small, have survived from temples, beautifully executed, mostly in "costly and very hard diorite" stone. J.-C. à 539 av. [69] Few if any copper sculptures are as large as the Tell al-'Ubaid Lintel, which is 2.59 metres wide and 1.07 metres high. Hammurabi (standing), depicted as receiving his royal insignia from Shamash (or possibly Marduk). The Jemdet Nasr Period covers the period from 3100–2900 BC. circa 4000 BC.[35]. National Museum of Iraq.
Some of the portraits are in marble, others, such as the one in the Louvre in Paris, are cut in gray-black diorite.
Sumerian art and architecture was ornate and complex. [42] Slightly earlier, the northern city of Tell Brak, today in Syria, also saw urbanization, and the development of a temple with regional significance. See more ideas about ancient mesopotamia, mesopotamia, sumerian. Follow Artsy on Twitter Follow Artsy on Facebook Follow Artsy on Instagram Follow Artsy on Facebook Follow Artsy on Instagram ", The Bronze Head of the Akkadian Period from Nineveh, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_of_Mesopotamia&oldid=1000339962, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 January 2021, at 18:32. The Ziggurat of Ur, excavated by Leonard Woolley, is 64 by 46 meters at base and originally some 12 meters in height with three stories. Généralement considéré comme étant le berceau de la civilisation, la Mésopotamie a apporté des développements culturels importants, dont les plus anciens exemples d'écriture. The art of the time consisted of a lot of pottery and carvings. Shells may have served as the whites of the eyes, and the lapis lazuli, a beautiful, blue semi-precious gemstone, may have formed the pupils. An Assyrian artistic style distinct from that of Babylonian art, which was the dominant contemporary art in Mesopotamia, began to emerge c. 1500 BC, well before their empire included Sumer, and lasted until the fall of Nineveh in 612 BC. Pop art vient directement du cynisme mordant de nouvelle objectivité et équilibrée par la simplicité du neoplasticism, la dadaïsme et suprématisme. [18], Numerous realistic reliefs and a few sculptures of animals, as well as fragments of reliefs of humans or deities, are known from Göbekli Tepe and dated to circa 9000 BC. Pel que fa al marc cronològic, l’estudi de l’art i l’arqueologia de l’antic Orient Pròxim comença amb l’anomenat període epipaleolític (c. 12000-10000 aC), que marca la transició del paleolític final al neolític final. Detail of a limestone votive monument from Sippar, Iraq, dating to c. 1792 – c. 1750 BC showing King Hammurabi raising his right arm in worship, now held in the British Museum, "The Worshipper of Larsa", a votive statuette dedicated to the god Amurru for Hammurabi's life; circa 2760 BC; bronze and gold; 19 x 15 cm; Louvre, Cylinder seal, ca. They established urban centers in the middle of the plains, each one ruled by a temple, which was the center of commerce and religion until it was replaced in importan… The preferred jewellery designs used in Mesopotamia were natural and geometric motifs such as leaves, cones, spirals, and bunches of grapes. A fost dezvoltată în Mesopotamia, regiune al cărei nume înseamnă "între două râuri" și care se află între râurile Tigris și Eufrat, situate în Asia, în actualul Orient Mijlociu. Les figures humaines sont comparativement rigides et statiques mais également minutieusement détaillées, comme dans les scènes triomphales de sièges, de batailles, et les combats individuels. Louvre Museum. Late Uruk period, 3300–3000 BC. fir „tëscht de Flëss“, Aramäesch Beth Nahrin = „Zweeflossland“, arab. J.-C. La plaque Burney, Première dynastie de Babylone, vers 1800 av. The Urfa Man found in another site nearby is dated to the period of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic circa 9000 BC, and is considered as "the oldest naturalistic life-sized sculpture of a human". Cup with Nude Hero, Bulls and Lions, Tell Agrab, Jamdat Nasr to Early Dynastic period, 3000–2600 BC. Sujet: L'art décoratif musulman, Gabriel-Rousseau, 1934 Sam 25 Jan - 20:34: pages 53 et 54 ... dans le Mausolée des Sultans Saadiens, à Marrakech (fig. CARACTERISTICAS GENERALES DEL ARTE MESOPOTÁMICO Y EGIPCIO Esculturas en basalto, arenisca,diorita y alabastro en alto relieve VIVIENDAS Dentro de la escultura, desarrollaron tanto las estatuas como el bajo relieve: STREFA casa colmena casa circular casa cuadrada LA ARQUITECTURA Title: Phoenix Ancient Art 2007 No 1, Author: emyphoenix, Name: Phoenix Ancient Art 2007 No 1, Length: 87 pages, Page: 47, Published: 2007-03-01 . This sombre mood ... remained characteristic of Mesopotamian art..."[81], King Naram-Sin's famous Victory Stele depicts him as a god-king (symbolized by his horned helmet) climbing a mountain above his soldiers, and his enemies, the defeated Lullubi. J.-C. Plaque montrant un lion mordant le cou d'un homme sur le dos, une des ivoires de Nimrud (en), période Néo-Assyrienne, IXe – VIIe siècle av. J.-C. à l'époque de la civilisation sumérienne et de la période d'Uruk. The large variety and size of necklaces, bracelets, anklets, pendants, and pins found may be due to the fact that jewellery was worn by both men and women, and perhaps even children. The period includes the Amorites Isin-Larsa Period and the First Babylonian Dynasty or Old Babylonian period (c.1830–1531 BC), an interlude under the rule of the Kassites (c. 1531–1155 BC) followed by invasions of the Elamite, while the Middle Assyrian Empire (1392–934 BC) developed in the northern part of Mesopotamia. Mausolée des Saadiens à Marrakech. 'Deconstructing the Ubaid' in Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham (eds. The period is characterized by splendidly painted monochrome and polychrome pottery, as well as the appearance of large proto-cuneiform tablets, clearly going beyond the initial pictographic writing. In the late period Assyrian sculpture for palaces was often very large. Seal impression with gods and water buffaloes, thought to have been imported from the Indus Valley Civilization, an example of Indus-Mesopotamia relations at the time. All have greatly enlarged inlaid eyes, but the tallest figure, the main cult image depicting the local god, has enormous eyes that give it a "fierce power". At royal command, scribes searched out and collected or copied texts of every genre from temple libraries. Cylinder seal and modern impression – bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; 2250–2150 BC; albite; height: 3.4 cm, diameter: 2.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City), Naked captives, on the Nasiriyah stele of Naram-Sin.[88]. Hanging Garden Ziggurat Babylon The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, is the only one whose location has not been definitively established. Found in Telloh (ancient city of Girsu). Animals shown are often representations of the gods, another continuing feature of Mesopotamian art. [71] The so-called Standard of Ur, actually an inlaid box or set of panels of uncertain function, is finely inlaid with partly figurative designs. Un style artistique assyrien, distinct de l'art babylonien qui était le courant artistique dominant à l'époque en Mésopotamie, émerge vers 1500 av. [3] Favourite subjects include deities, alone or with worshippers, and animals in several types of scenes: repeated in rows, single, fighting each other or a human, confronted animals by themselves or flanking a human or god in the Master of Animals motif, or a Tree of Life. The fine art of Mesopotamia survives mainly in the form of sculpture (both relief and in-the-round) and architecture. [43] Like temples further south, the Eye Temple was decorated with cone mosaics made up of clay cylinders some four inches long, differently coloured to create simple patterns.[44]. L'Art de Mésopotamie est connu grâce aux vestiges archéologiques datant des premières sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs (Xe millénaire av. A single statue of a nude female is known. Tablets with proto-cuneiform pictographic characters, were used for noting commercial transactions (end of 4th millennium BC), Uruk III. La prédominance est données aux figures animales, en particulier les chevaux et les lions, qui sont magnifiquement représentés avec force détails. and rebuilt under Nabonidus (555–539 B.C. Carefully crafted and dyed pots, especially jugs and bowls, were traded. After the death of Hammurabi, the first Babylonian dynasty lasted for another century and a half, but his empire quickly unravelled, and Babylon once more became a small state. Des reliefs ont été aussi sculptés sur des parois rocheuses, comme à Shikaft-e Gulgul, une méthode poursuivie par les Perses. La porte fait partie d'un programme bien plus large conçu pour la voie processionnelle de la cité, dont plusieurs sections sont conservés dans divers autres musées[8]. 1. Gudea, ruler of Lagash (reign ca. El període s'allarga aproximadament entre el segle xxiii aC i el segle vi aC. a form of temple common to the Les matériaux et les techniques artistiques utilisés variaient avec le temps. The Samarra culture is a Chalcolithic archaeological culture in northern Mesopotamia that is roughly dated to 5500–4800 BCE. 33), et en Espagne, à l'Alhambra de Grenade. Ces empires ont laissé place à l'Âge du Fer aux empires néo-assyrien et néo-babylonien. Elle est datée du XVIIIe ou du XIXe siècle av. The Protoliterate or Uruk period, named after the city of Uruk in southern Mesopotamia, (ca. Following the Epipalaeolithic period in the Near East, several Pre-Pottery Neolithic A sites are known from the areas of Upper Mesopotamia and the northern mountainous fringes of Mesopotamia, marked by the appearance around 9000 BC on the banks of the Upper Euphrates of the world's oldest known megaliths at Göbekli Tepe,[17] and the first known use of agriculture around the same time at Tell Abu Hureyra, a site from the preceding Natufian culture. The Assyrians produced relatively little sculpture in the round, with the partial exception of colossal human-headed lamassu guardian figures, with the bodies of lions or bulls, which are sculpted in high relief on two sides of a rectangular block, with the heads effectively in the round (and often also five legs, so that both views seem complete). Excavations revealed that Jarmo was an agricultural community, dating back to 7500 BC, based on irrigation through natural rainfall. Goddess Ishtar on an Akkadian Empire seal, 2350–2150 BC. Presse Papier en Bronze Reproduction Contrat Mésopotamien Art NEUF Paperweight | eBay. [66][67], Cylinder seal from Uruk, with "net-dress", 3100 BC, A "net dress" being worn on the Blau Monuments (3000-2900 BC), A kilt or "net-dress" on the Blau Monuments (3000-2900 BC), The Early Dynastic Period is generally dated to 2900–2350 BC. Similar pieces, small statues or reliefs of deities, were made for altars in homes or small wayside shrines, and small moulded terracotta ones were probably available as souvenirs from temples.[96]. The northern Mesopotamian sites of Tell Hassuna and Jarmo are some of the oldest sites in the Near-East where pottery has been found, appearing in the most recent levels of excavation, which dates it to the 7th millennium BC. Other traditional types of art continued to be produced, and the Neo-Babylonians were very keen to stress their ancient heritage. [14][15][16] Slightly later, early human statuettes in stone and fired clay have been found in other Upper Mesopotamia sites such as Mureybet, dated to 8500–8000 BC. J.-C. Stèle représentant une femme en train de filer, Suse, VIIIe – VIe siècle av. Stone, … Mesopotamia definition, an ancient region in W Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers: now part of Iraq. [98] Especially from the Kassite period several stone kudurru stelae survive, mostly taken up with inscriptions recording grants of land, boundary lines, and other official records, but often with figures and emblems of the gods or the king as well; a land grant by Meli-Shipak II is an example.[99]. Louvre Museum AOD 105. As dyes, iron oxide containing clays were diluted in different degrees or various minerals were mixed to produce different colours. Pour les artistes byzantins, le plus important était de représenter des idées abstraites et, dans de nombreux cas, des idées contraires aux principes de la nature. 18th–17th century BC. Fertility figurine; 6000–5100 BC; painted clay; height: 8.2 cm; by, Mesopotamian king on Egyptian prehistoric knife, Art of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period (circa 9000–7000 BC), First experiments with pottery (circa 7000 BC), Halaf culture (6000–5000 BC, Northwestern Mesopotamia), Hassuna culture (6000–5000 BC, Northern Mesopotamia), Samarra culture (6000–4800 BC, Central Mesopotamia), Ubaid culture (c. 6500–3800 BC, Southern Mesopotamia), Pre-Dynastic period: Uruk (c. 4000 to 3100 BC), Early artistic exchanges with Egypt (c. 3500–3200 BC), Pre-Dynastic period: Jemdet Nasr (3100–2900 BC), Pre-Dynastic dress (4000-2700 BC): kilts and "net-dresses", Amorite and Kassite periods (c. 2000–1100 BC), Convenient summaries of the typical motifs of cylinder seals in the main periods are found throughout in Teissier, "Horse from Hayonim Cave, Israel, 30,000 years" in. Such object have been found in abundance on the upper Euphrates river, in what is today eastern Syria, especially at the site of Bouqras. 2010. Adams, Robert MCC. The art of Mesopotamia rivalled that of Ancient Egypt as the most grand, sophisticated and elaborate in western Eurasia from the 4th millennium BC until the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the region in the 6th century BC. The precisely delineated reliefs concern royal affairs, chiefly hunting and war making. Tableau de plantes stabilisées sans entretien. [85] There is deliberate damage on the left side of the face and eye, indicating that the bust was intentionally slashed at a later period to demonstrate political iconoclasm. This is a more realistic head than the Tell Brak examples, like them made to top a wooden body; what survives of this is only the basic framework, to which coloured inlays, gold leaf hair, paint and jewellery were added. After the invention of agriculture, farmers worked in the valley, but the community lived in the more easily fortifiable hills. The culture of the proto-historical Jemdet Nasr period is a local development out of the preceding Uruk period and continues into the Early Dynastic I period. J.-C.) jusqu'aux civilisations de l'Âge du Bronze avec les empires successifs de Sumer, d'Akkad, de Babylone et d'Assyrie.Ces empires ont laissé place à l'Âge du Fer aux empires néo-assyrien et néo-babylonien. XIII-XIV – 1978-79. The central place of worship was the ziggurat, a stepped pyramid with stairs leading to an altar where worshipers would elevate themselves closer to the heavens. See more. It derives from the verb zaqaru, ("to be high"). The gate was part of a much larger scheme for a processional way into the city, from which there are sections in many other museums. This was generally not a period of the highest quality for cylinder seal images; at different times the inscription took prominence over the image, and the variety of scenes shown reduced, with the "presentation scene" of a king before a god, or an official before a seated king, becoming the norm at times. Statue of Gudea P; circa 2090 BC; diorite; height: 44 cm, width: 21.5 cm, depth: 29.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, Foundation figure of Ur-Namma holding a basket; 2112-2095 BC; copper alloy; height: 27.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City), Seal of Hash-hamer, showing enthroned king Ur-Nammu, with modern impression; circa 2100 BC; greenstone; height: 5.3 cm; British Museum (London).

Samsung Galaxy A41, Clinique De Dépistage Longueuil, Williams United Sofifa, Présidente Opéra National Du Rhin, Santé Publique France Carte Covid, Denoncer Une Nounou à La Pmi, Comment Utiliser Le Nombre D'or, Gynécologue Centre Médical Europe, Certificat Médical Initial Tunisie,